Brief Introduction

Synonyms---

Cyanidin (Aparticular type of Anthocyanidin)

Chemical Name: 2-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl) chromenylium-3, 5, 7-triol

Molecular Formula:  C₁₅H₁₁O₆⁺

Mol. Wt.:287.24

Molecular Structure::

Anthocyanidins include (as known already) the followings:

Note: Not to be confused with Anthocyanins, which are glycosides of Anthocyanidins.

Anthocyanidinsare common plant pigments. They are the sugar-free counterparts of anthocyanins based on the flavylium ion or 2-phenylchromenylium (chromenylium is referred also to as benzopyrylium). They form a large group of polymethine dye. In particular anthocyanidins are salt derivatives of the 2-phenylchromenylium cation, also known as flavylium cation. The phenyl group at the 2-position can carry different substituents. The counterion of the flavylium cation is mostly chloride. With this positive charge, the anthocyanidins differ from other flavonoids. And 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins are a class of anthocyanidins lacking a hydroxyl group on carbon 3.

Anthocyanidinsare natural organic compounds. They are pigments found in many redberries including but not limited to grapes, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, elderberry, hawthorn, loganberry, acai berry and raspberry. They can also be found in other fruits such as apples and plums. They are also found in red cabbage. They have characteristic color, though this can change with pH, red ph < 3, violet at pH 7-8, blue at pH > 11. The highest concentrations of Anthocyanidins are found in the skin of the fruit.

Blueberry is any of Several Vaccinium (a genus which also includes cranberries and bilberries) species in the section Cyanococcus, mainly native to North American, Asia (China). Blueberries mainly include: Vaccinium vites-idaea (or Vaccinium Uliginosum, China Blueberry), Vaccinium angustifolium(Lowbush Blueberry), Vaccinium boreale (Northern Blueberry), Vaccinium caesariense (New Jersey Blueberry), Vaccinium corymbosum (Northern Highbush Blueberry), Vaccinium darrowii (Southern Highbush Blueberry),  Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott Blueberry), Vaccinium formosum (southern blueberry),   Vaccinium fuscatum (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. V. atrococcum), Vaccinium hirsutum (Hairy-fruited Blueberry), Vaccinium myrtilloides (Sour top, Velvet Leaf, or Canadian Blueberry), Vaccinium operium (cyan-fruited Blueberry), Vaccinium myrtilloides (Canadian Blueberry), Vaccinium pallidum (Dryland Blueberry), Vaccinium simulatum (Upland Highbush Blueberry), Vaccinium tenellum (Southern Blueberry), Vaccinium virgatum (Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. V. ashei), and ect.

Blueberries are sold fresh or processed as individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried or infused berries which in turn may be used in a variety of consumer goods such as jellies, jams, blueberry pies, muffins, snack foods, and cereals.

Blueberries have a diverse range of micronutrients, with notably high levels of the essential dietary mineral manganese, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin K and dietary fiber.One serving provides a relatively low glycemic load score of 4 out of 100 per day.

Especially in wild species, blueberries contain anthocyanins, other antioxidant pigments and various phytochemicals possibly having a role in reducing risks of some diseases,including inflammation and certain cancers.

Researchers have shown that blueberry anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, flavonols, and tannins inhibit mechanisms of cancer cell development and inflammation in vitro. Similar to red grape, some blueberry species contain in their skins significant levels of resveratrol, a phytochemical.

At a 2007 symposium on berry health benefits were reports showing consumption of blueberries (and similar berry fruits including cranberries) may alleviate the cognitive decline occurring in Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of aging.

A chemical isolated from blueberry leaves can block replication of the hepatitis C virus and might help to delay disease spread in infected individuals (it's not a cure, though).

Feeding blueberries to animals lowers brain damage in experimental stroke. Research at Rutgers has also shown that blueberries may help prevent urinary tract infections.

Other animal studies found that blueberry consumption lowered cholesterol and total blood lipid levels, possibly affecting symptoms of heart disease. Additional research showed that blueberry consumption in rats altered glycosaminoglycans which are vascular cell components affecting control of blood pressure.

A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry found that supplementation with wild blueberry juice enhanced memory and learning in older adults, while reducing blood sugar and symptoms of depression.

The Blueberry Extract used in dietary supplements is derived from the fruits of China Blueberry (Vaccinium vites-idaea L. or Vaccinium Uliginosum L.).

Benefits

•  Antioxidant Effect

•  Radical-Scavenging Effect

•  Anti-cancer

•  Cardiovascular Protection

•  Inhibit Obesity

•  Inhibit Diabetes

•  Eyesight Improving Effect

• Anti-aging

• Help prevent urinary tract infections

Mechanism

Blueberry aids circulation and therefore benefits all areas of the body, especially the eyes. Bilberry contains antioxidant flavonoids called anthocyanidins, which may help strengthen capillaries, improve blood flow and help to maintain cell wall flexibility, thus preventing of treating visual problems such as cataracts, macular degeneration, night blindness and glaucoma. Blueberry is also used to decrease calcium plaque deposits on blood vessel walls and is also effective in preventing excessive bleeding when taken prior to surgery. In Europe, it is the herb of choice to regulate heart beat and normalizes blood flow.

Anthocyanidins have putative antioxidant and radical-scavenging effects which may protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. One theory is that dietary intake of Anthocyanidins may inhibit development of obesity and diabetes as well as contain inflammatory mechanisms. And it is said it have eyesight improving effects. Other studies have generally shown that the glucoside derivative of Anthocyanidins may have a role in cancer therapy.

Safety

Blueberry is safe.

Dosage

•  The typical dose is 300-900mg per day (usually in 2-3 doses throughout the day).
•  Consult physicians for different condition specifics.

GNI’s Blueberry Extract Features and Benefits:

Blueberry is one of GNI's most competitive products, with many advantages as list in the following, produced as our patent-pending process and know-how technology from Vaccinium vites-idaea L. or Vaccinium Uliginosum L.fruit (berry).

•  Produced with pure water only

•  High purity: over 25%

•  NO solvent - residual free

•  Pesticide-free

•  Dark Violet in appearance

•  High solubility in water

•  High anti-bacteria, and longer shelf life

Product Specifications:

1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% Anthocyanidins UV,

4:1, 5:1, 12:1, 25:1